Auditing & Monitoring Networks and Systems

What You Will Learn

Performing IT security audits at the enterprise level can be a daunting task. How should you determine which systems to audit first? How do you assess the risk to the organization related to information systems and business processes? What settings should you check on the various systems under scrutiny? Is there a set of processes that can be put into place to allow an auditor to focus on the business processes rather than the security settings? How do you turn this into a continuous monitoring process? The material covered in this course will answer all of these questions and more.

AUD507 teaches students how to apply risk-based decision making to the task of auditing enterprise security.

This track is organized specifically to provide a risk-driven method for tackling the enormous task of designing an enterprise security validation program. After covering a variety of high-level audit issues and general audit best practices, students will have the opportunity to delve into the technical "how-to" for determining the key controls that can be used to provide a high level of assurance to an organization. Real-world examples provide students with tips on how to verify these controls in a repeatable way, as well as many techniques for continuous monitoring and automatic compliance validation. These same real-world examples help the students learn how to be most effective in communicating risk to management and operations staff.

AUD507 allows students to practice new skills in realistic, hands-on labs.

In this course, students learn how to use technical tests to develop the evidence needed to support their findings and recommendations. Each day affords students opportunities to use the tools and techniques discussed in class, with labs designed to simulate real-world enterprise auditing challenges and to allow the students to use appropriate tools and techniques to solve these problems.

We also go beyond simply discussing the tools students could use; we give them the experience to use the tools and techniques effectively to measure and report on the risk in their organizations. The final section of the course is a lab that lets students challenge themselves by solving realistic audit problems using and refining what they have learned in class.

The skills students learn in AUD507 can be used immediately after class.

Students will leave the course with the know-how to perform effective tests of enterprise security in a variety of areas. The combination of high-quality course content, provided audit checklists, in-depth discussion of common audit challenges and solutions, and ample opportunities to hone their skills in the lab provides a unique setting for students to learn how to be an effective enterprise auditor.

"AUD507 has obvious practical applications, and it's great to see some of the most infamous hacking methods explained and executed in real time. In the labs, I'm getting hands-on experience with the tools. The opportunity to learn how to interpret the results taught me more in one afternoon than I've picked up here-and-there over an entire career." - Tyler Messa, AWS

A Sampling of Course Topics

Audit planning and techniques
Effective risk assessment for control specification
Time-based assessment and auditing
Delivering effective reports to management
Auditing virtualization hosts
Understanding and auditing cloud services and containers
Effective network population auditing
Performing useful vulnerability assessments
Detailed router, switch and firewall auditing
OWASP Top Ten Proactive Controls for web applications
Auditing traditional web applications
Auditing web APIs, AJAX, and single-page applications
Windows PowerShell
Windows system auditing & scaling to the enterprise
Auditing Active Directory
Building an audit toolkit
Linux/UNIX auditing

HANDS-ON TRAINING:

AUD507 uses hands-on labs to reinforce the material discussed in class and develop the "muscle memory" needed to perform the required technical tasks during audits. An abbreviated sampling of the many lab topics includes:

Calculating audit sample sizes and margins of error
Understanding hypervisors
Auditing Docker security configuration
Population scanning and monitoring
Auditing network device configurations
Testing SMTP and DNS server settings
Using the Burp proxy to analyze and modify web traffic
Auditing of web session handling mechanisms
Performing brute force attacks against websites
Testing website input handling
Scripting with PowerShell
Auditing Active Directory
Querying Windows system information
Determining installed software on Windows
Auditing Windows patching
Working with Linux system logs and journals
Scripting Linux with Bash
Using Tripwire to ensure file integrity
Using Auditd to monitor Linux filesystems

YOU WILL BE ABLE TO:

Understand the different types of controls (e.g., technical vs. non-technical) essential to performing a successful audit
Conduct a proper risk assessment of an enterprise to identify vulnerabilities and develop audit priorities
Establish a well-secured baseline for computers and networks as a standard to conduct audit against
Perform a network and perimeter audit using a repeatable process
Audit virtualization hosts and container environments to ensure properly deployment and configuration
Utilize vulnerability assessment tools effectively to provide management with the continuous remediation information necessary to make informed decisions about risk and resources
Audit a web application's configuration, authentication, and session management to identify vulnerabilities attackers can exploit
Utilize scripting to build a system which will baseline and automatically audit Active Directory and all systems in a Windows domain
Utilize scripting to build a system which will baseline and automatically audit Linux systems

WHAT YOU WILL RECEIVE:

In this course, you will receive the following:

Printed and Electronic Courseware
MP3 audio file of the complete course lecture

Syllabus (36 CPEs)

Overview
Section one provides the "on-ramp" for the highly technical audit tools and techniques used later in the course. After laying the foundation for the role and function of an auditor in the information security field, this section's material provides practical, repeatable and useful risk assessment methods that are particularly effective for measuring the security of enterprise systems, identifying control gaps and risks, and enabling us to recommend additional controls to address the risk. We finish off the section with coverage of the security risks and associated audit techniques for virtualization hosts, cloud services and container systems.
The first part of this section is dedicated to defining the terms used in the class and setting the stage for performing highly effective technology security audits. We follow this with demonstrations of practical risk assessments using consequence/cause analysis and time-based security. We discuss what defense-in-depth really means and how to apply the results of our risk assessments to providing a well-reasoned deep defense of our enterprise systems and business processes. We apply these risk assessment and defense concepts to realistic case studies involving the controls commonly used by enterprises.
We present a proven six-step audit process and the qualities required of a technical auditor. We discuss how to plan for and manage audit engagements, how to gather useful audit evidence, and how to best present findings to management in both written reports and in-person presentations.
The last part of this section is spent covering the tools that will make your life much easier as an IT auditor. The first is NMAP, which can be used for host and service discovery, service and OS version identification, and even configuration checking. We present the "auditor's view" of NMAP, including the settings to use for more reliable audit results and the scripts which might speed up your evidence gathering. Then we move on to a discussion of vulnerability scanners and their use in audit, assurance and operations in the enterprise.
Exercises
- Audit sampling: Calculating samples and margins of error.
- Network Scanning and Continuous Monitoring with Nmap
- Network Discovery Scanning with Nessus
Topics
- Auditor's Role as it Relates to:
- Basic Auditing and Assessing Strategies
- Risk Assessment
- The Six-Step Audit Process
- Network Population Monitoring
- Vulnerability Scanning
Overview
Section two focuses on securing the enterprise network. The days are gone when a good firewall at the edge of the network is all we really need. In fact, in many enterprises, the network has no real "edge". Auditors should encourage their organizations to focus on security within the network with the same diligence as they use at the perimeter.
We begin the section with a discussion of private and public cloud technologies used in the modern enterprise. First, we look at the security issues related to virtualization hosts and present a list of controls which auditors should examine for the most commonly used hypervisors. Next, we examine how enterprises integrate cloud technologies into their portfolios and look at how cloud providers and their customers should share security responsibilities. We examine guidance from the Cloud Security Alliance and major cloud vendors to develop a list of items to review when auditing an organization's use of cloud services.
The next part of the section is dedicated to understanding containers and container orchestration tools and how they should be deployed and configured. Using the Center for Internet Security's (CIS) Docker Benchmark as a guide, we take a deep look at how our container deployments should be secured and the important items to audit in those deployments. We continue with a discussion of container orchestration tools, like Kubernetes, and how to secure those tools for production use. We wrap up this section with a discussion of serverless functions and their use in the enterprise.
We continue the section with a discussion of Ethernet networks and then work our way up the networking stack. Students will learn how to identify insecurely configured VLANs, how to determine perimeter firewall requirements, how to examine enterprise routers and much more. We continue with a study of wireless networking and the best practices for defending it.
This section ends with an analysis of common security requirements for public services, focusing on the domain name system (DNS) and the simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP). Finally, students are guided through best practices for using network mapping tools like Nmap and vulnerability scanners to assist the organization in securing and continuously monitoring the network.
Many auditors confess that networking is one of their weakest topics. Therefore, each technology is fully explained using simple, everyday illustrations. Each topic is a component of a risk-driven framework for securing a network long-term and discussed in the context of a real security organization. How do we reconcile security concerns with operational requirements? What questions should a security auditor be asking? What should the answers to those questions be? How does continuous monitoring fit in and how do you architect those processes?
Students regularly describe section two in two ways. First, they say it's the most difficult section of the course; then they add that it filled in the gaps they had in understanding how networks really work and how they should be secured.
Exercises
- Examining Hypervisors
- Auditing Docker Security
- Capturing and Analyzing Network Traffic
- Analyzing and Validating Device Configurations
- Testing Public Services
Topics
- Public, Private and Hybrid Cloud Deployments
- Private Clouds and Hypervisor Security
- Public Cloud Technologies
- Shared Responsibility Models
- Containers, orchestration and serverless functions
- Secure Layer 2 Configurations
- Router & Switch Configuration Security
- Firewall Auditing, Validation & Monitoring
- Wireless
Overview
Web applications seem to stay at the top of the list of security challenges faced by enterprises today. The organization needs an engaging and cutting-edge web presence, but the very technologies which allow the creation of compelling and data-rich websites also make it very challenging to provide proper security for the enterprise and its customers. Unlike other enterprise systems, our web applications are freely shared with the world and exposed to the potential for constant attack.
We begin this section with a discussion of the suite of technologies which make modern web applications work and the tools which auditors can use to identify, analyze and manipulate these technologies as part of a well-designed and thorough security audit. We cover the technologies which make the web work: including HTML, HTTP, AJAX, web servers and databases. We also introduce the use of proxies in testing web applications by capturing, examining, and sometimes manipulating the traffic between a web client and the server.
We move on to introduce students to many of the resources available from the Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP), focusing on their Top 10 vulnerabilities list and the Top 10 Proactive Controls for web applications. From this foundation, we build a list of five critically important web development and deployment practices which serve as the basis for performing rigorous testing of web applications in the enterprise.
We dedicate most of section three to teaching the controls which can be used to secure applications and the skills needed to test and validate these controls. We develop and use a checklist for testing the most common and important security vulnerabilities. Throughout the section, students have the opportunity to use these tools to test sample web applications similar to those commonly deployed in today's enterprises. We also offer advice on how engineers, administrators, and developers can better secure the web technologies they design, implement and maintain. And finally, we discuss the best ways to report on findings and make useful recommendations.
Exercises
- Introduction to Web and Testing Technologies
- Secure Server Configurations - TLS
- Secure Server Configurations - Information Disclosure
- Authentication Attacks
- Authentication Information Disclosure
- Logic Flaws
- Input/Output Flaws - Cross-Site Scripting
- Input/Output Flaws - SQL Injections
Topics
- Why Web Applications Are a Major Problem
- Understanding HTTP, HTML, and related technologies
- Related Technologies
- The Burp Proxy
- OWASP Top 10 List
- OWASP Top 10 Proactive Controls
- Server Configuration
- Secure Development Practices
- Authentication
- Session Handling
- Data Handling
- Logging and Monitoring
Overview
The majority of systems encountered on most enterprise audits are running Microsoft Windows in some version or another. The centralized management available to administrators has made Windows a popular enterprise operating system. The sheer volume of settings and configurable controls, coupled with the large number of systems often in use, makes auditing Windows servers and workstations a huge undertaking.
In section four, we teach students how to audit Windows systems and Active Directory domains at scale. We begin with an introduction to Windows PowerShell, covering how to use the shell and moving on to writing and editing scripts which allow the auditor to perform repetitive tasks quickly and reliably. Throughout the section we work to build a comprehensive baseline auditing script which can be used to audit all of the systems within a domain.
Most of this course section is spent examining operating system security in general, and Windows security in particular. We demonstrate how to use PowerShell, Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI), command-line and graphical tools to obtain audit evidence from Windows systems. We move from there to auditing Microsoft Active Directory using PowerShell and command-line tools which access the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP).
We continue with discussions of user management, user rights management, file, registry, and share permissions. Finally, we wrap up the section by exploring Windows logging options and how to use the tools and scripts developed during the day to perform meaningful continuous monitoring of the Windows domain and systems. One of the primary goals of the material presented is to allow the auditor to move from checking registry settings to helping administrators to create a comprehensive management process that automatically verifies settings. With this type of system in place, the auditor can step back and begin auditing the management processes which generally help us to be far more effective.
Exercises
- Introduction to PowerShell and Scripting
- Windows Management Instrumentation
- System Information
- Open Ports
- Users and Groups
- Permissions and Rights Assignments
- Windows Logging
Topics
- Windows Support and End of Life
- PowerShell Command Essentials
- PowerShell Scripting
- Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI)
- WMI and PowerShell for Auditing
- PowerShell, DSQuery and LDAP
- Password Management and Auditing
- User Right Assignments
  - PowerShell Module for Easier Auditing
- System Security Settings
- File and Share Permissions
- Registry Permissions and Settings
- Windows Logging
- Continuous Monitoring for Windows
Overview
While many enterprises today use Microsoft Windows for their endpoint systems, Linux and other Unix variants are well-established as servers, security appliances and in many other roles. Given the nature of the work these Unix variants do, it is critical to ensure their security. Add to that the fact that mass centralized administration is less likely to occur with these systems, and auditing at scale becomes even more important.
Section five uses Debian and CentOS Linux as the example operating systems. We assume that students may have little or no Linux experience, and build skill during the day accordingly. We begin with a discussion of system accreditation in a field where many servers are "snowflakes" - uniquely designed and different from our other enterprise systems. Then, we move on to discuss the fundamentals of Linux/Unix operating systems and the tools available to auditors for system testing and for developing audit scripts.
The bulk of section four concentrates on understanding Linix/Unix operating systems and using native tools and scripts to gather system information, enumerate running services, determine software patch levels, audit user access and privilege management, examine system logs and examine configuration and hardening. Emphasis is placed throughout the day on developing reusable tools and scripts which can be used to gather audit evidence on a variety of Linux/Unix systems.
Neither Unix nor scripting experience is required for this section. The course book and hands-on exercises present an easy to follow method, and the instructor is prepared to help with any difficulty students have in this sometimes unfamiliar environment.
Exercises
- Scripting
  - Use of the vi editor
- System Information Gathering
Topics
- Accreditation and Snowflakes
- Linux Basics
- Command Line Tools and Scripting
- Scripting
- System Information
- File Permissions
- File Integrity
- Services
- Patching
- Users, Groups and Privilege Management
- Logging and Monitoring
- System Audit Tools
- Continuous Monitoring
Overview
Section six is a capstone exercise which allows students to test and refine the skills learned throughout the course. Using an online "capture the flag" (CTF) engine, students are challenged to audit a simulated enterprise environment by answering a series of questions about the enterprise network, working through various technologies explored during the course.
At the conclusion of this section, students are asked to identify the most serious findings within the enterprise environment and to suggest possible root causes and potential mitigations.
Exercises
- Capture the Flag
Topics
Technologies included in the capstone exercise include:
- Network Devices
- Servers
- Applications
- Workstations

GIAC Systems and Network Auditor

The GIAC Systems and Network Auditor (GSNA) certification validates a practitioner’s ability to apply basic risk analysis techniques and to conduct technical audits of essential information systems. GSNA certification holders have demonstrated knowledge of network, perimeter, and application auditing as well as risk assessment and reporting.

Auditing, risk assessments, and reporting
Network and perimeter auditing and monitoring, web application auditing
Auditing and monitoring in windows and Unix environments

Prerequisites

AUD507 assumes that the student is capable of:

Navigating the filesystem in Microsoft Windows
Launching the command prompt and PowerShell in Windows
Running commands from the command line in Windows
Navigating the command line and running simple commands in Linux

Deeper Linux experience will be helpful but is not required. The courseware and instruction provide the student with the information necessary to use the Linux systems and tools utilized in class.

Laptop Requirements

Important! Use your own system configured according to these instructions!

A properly configured system is required to fully participate in this course. These requirements are the mandatory minimums. If you do not carefully read and follow these instructions, you will likely leave the class unsatisfied because you will not be able to participate in hands-on exercises that are essential to this course. We strongly urge you to arrive with a system meeting all the requirements specified for the course.

It is critical that you back-up your system before class. It is also strongly advised that you do not use a system storing any sensitive data.

System Hardware Requirements

CPU: 64-bit Intel i5/i7 2.0+ GHz processor: Your system's processor must be a 64-bit Intel i5 or i7 2.0 GHz processor or

higher. Your CPU and OS must support a 64-bit guest virtual machine.

VMware provides a free tool for Windows that will detect whether or not your host supports 64-bit guest virtual machines.
Windows users can use this article to learn more about their CPU and OS capabilities.
Apple users can use this support page to learn more information about Mac 64-bit capability.

BIOS: Enabled "Intel-VT": Intel's VT (VT-x) hardware virtualization technology should be enabled in your system's BIOS or UEFI settings. You must be able to access your system's BIOS throughout the class. If your BIOS is password-protected, you must have the

password.

USB: USB 3.0 Type-A port: At least one available USB 3.0 Type-A port is required for copying large data files from the USB 3.0 drives we provide in a physical classroom. The USB port must not be locked in hardware or software. Some newer laptops may have only the smaller Type-C ports. In this case, you will need to bring a USB Type-C to Type-A adapter.

RAM: 16 GB RAM: 16 GB RAM is required for the best experience. To verify on Windows 10, pressWindows key + "I" to open Settings, then click "System", then "About". Your RAM information will be toward the bottom of the page. To verify on a Mac, click the Apple logo at the top left-hand corner of your display and then click "About this Mac".

Hard Drive Free Space: 100 GB Free space: 100 GB of FREE space on the hard drive is critical to host the VMs and additional files we distribute. SSD drives are also highly recommended, as they allow virtual machines to run much faster than mechanical hard drives.

Operating System: Windows 10 Pro or macOS 10.12+: Your system must be running either Windows 10 Pro or macOS 10.12 or higher. Make sure your operating system is fully updated with the correct drivers and patches prior to arriving in class.

Additional Hardware Requirements

The requirements below are in addition to baseline requirements provided above. Prior to the start of class, you must install virtualization software and meet additional hardware and software requirements as described below. If you do not carefully read and follow these instructions, you will leave the class unsatisfied because you will not be able to participate in hands-on exercises that are essential to this course.

Additional Software Requirements

VMware
Credential Guard: If your host computer is running Windows, Credential Guard may interfere with the ability to run VMs. It is important that you start up VMWare prior to class and confirm that virtual machines can run. It is required that Credential Guard is turned off prior to coming to class.

System Configuration Settings

Local Admin: Have an account with local admin privileges. Some of the tools used in the course will require local admin access. This is absolutely required. If your company will not permit this access for the duration of the course, then you should make arrangements to use a different system.

If you have additional questions about the laptop specifications, please contact laptop_prep@sans.org.

Author Statement

Being an excellent information technology auditor requires a special mix of skills. An effective auditor will know how to assess organizational risk, scope, plan and execute an audit engagement properly. They must have the technical skills to design and perform tests of controls. Then, they must have the business communication skills to report risks to the business in a clear, actionable format. Auditors require the ability to work "in the weeds" when necessary with systems and network engineers and administrators, and then walk into the boardroom and deliver their findings and recommendations in a way that enables business leaders to make well-informed decisions regarding the risk faced by their enterprise.

AUD507 is designed to allow students from diverse backgrounds to learn the skills they need to design and deliver high-quality audits of organizations' IT systems, networks, and web applications. From day one, we teach students the thought processes, technical tools, and communications techniques to become a world-class auditor. When they leave the class, they have the technical skills and the mindset required to identify and report on risk in any organization.

- Clay Risenhoover

"Clay did an outstanding job of being able to teach to people with the lowest level of knowledge to those with the technical acumen to know how to utilize all the tools right up front." - Heather Brewer, NAVSEA

Ways to Learn

OnDemand

Study and prepare for GIAC Certification with four months of online access to SANS OnDemand courses. Includes labs and exercises, and SME support.

Live Online

Live, interactive sessions with SANS instructors over the course of one or more weeks, at times convenient to students worldwide.

Who Should Attend AUD507?

Auditors seeking to identify key controls in IT systems
Audit professionals looking for technical details on auditing
Managers responsible for overseeing the work of an audit or security team
Security professionals newly tasked with audit responsibilities
System and network administrators looking to understand better what an auditor is trying to achieve, how they think and how to better prepare for an audit
System and network administrators seeking to create strong change control management and detection systems for the enterprise
Anyone looking to implement effective continuous monitoring processes within the enterprise

"It's a ton of information that's applicable in the field, and not just theory." - Hatim Othman, Sony Interactive Entertainment

See prerequisites

Reviews

The material you learn is practical and the student can use immediately after taking this class.

Peter Kiilu

Niche Assurance LLC

I would recommend this to anyone who wants a real-world auditing experience. The closest to a "Live Fire" exercise as possible.

Vic N.

U.S. Federal Agency

This course is not only relevant to my current vulnerability management role, but it will also enhance my skills and open up future roles.

Frederick Young, Jr.

Keep up the materials and examples and I will take the course again in a couple of years to capture the newest information and solidify existing information.

Andrew B.

U.S. Federal Agency

The entire course has been fantastic. It far exceeded my expectations. I think SANS training is far superior to other training programs.

Paul Petrasko

Bemis Company

AUD507: Auditing & Monitoring Networks, Perimeters & Systems

GIAC Systems and Network Auditor (GSNA)

Course Authors:

David Hoelzer

Clay Risenhoover

What You Will Learn

Syllabus (36 CPEs)

Overview

Exercises

Topics

Overview

Exercises

Topics

Overview

Exercises

Topics

Overview

Exercises

Topics

Overview

Exercises

Topics

Overview

Exercises

Topics

GIAC Systems and Network Auditor

Prerequisites

Laptop Requirements

Author Statement

Ways to Learn

Who Should Attend AUD507?

Reviews

Find ways to take this course

AUD507: Auditing & Monitoring Networks, Perimeters & Systems

GIAC Systems and Network Auditor (GSNA)

Course Authors:

David Hoelzer

Clay Risenhoover

What You Will Learn

Syllabus (36 CPEs)

Overview

Exercises

Topics

Overview

Exercises

Topics

Overview

Exercises

Topics

Overview

Exercises

Topics

Overview

Exercises

Topics

Overview

Exercises

Topics

GIAC Systems and Network Auditor

Prerequisites

Laptop Requirements

Author Statement

Ways to Learn

Who Should Attend AUD507?

Related Programs

Reviews

Find ways to take this course