homepage
Menu
Open menu
  • Training
    Go one level top Back

    Training

    • Courses

      Build cyber prowess with training from renowned experts

    • Hands-On Simulations

      Hands-on learning exercises keep you at the top of your cyber game

    • Certifications

      Demonstrate cybersecurity expertise with GIAC certifications

    • Ways to Train

      Multiple training options to best fit your schedule and preferred learning style

    • Training Events & Summits

      Expert-led training at locations around the world

    • Free Training Events

      Upcoming workshops, webinars and local events

    • Security Awareness

      Harden enterprise security with end-user and role-based training

    Featured

    Get a Free Hour of SANS Training

    Free Course Demos

    Can't find what you are looking for?

    Let us help.
    Contact us
  • Learning Paths
    Go one level top Back

    Learning Paths

    • By Focus Area

      Chart your path to job-specific training courses

    • By NICE Framework

      Navigate cybersecurity training through NICE framework roles

    • DoDD 8140 Work Roles

      US DoD 8140 Directive Frameworks

    • By European Skills Framework

      Align your enterprise cyber skills with ECSF profiles

    • By Skills Roadmap

      Find the right training path based on critical skills

    • New to Cyber

      Give your cybersecurity career the right foundation for success

    • Leadership

      Training designed to help security leaders reduce organizational risk

    • Degree and Certificate Programs

      Gain the skills, certifications, and confidence to launch or advance your cybersecurity career.

    Featured: Solutions for Emerging Risks

    New to Cyber resources

    Start your career
  • Community Resources
    Go one level top Back

    Community Resources

    Watch & Listen

    • Webinars
    • Live Streams
    • Podcasts

    Read

    • Blog
    • Newsletters
    • White Papers
    • Internet Storm Center

    Download

    • Open Source Tools
    • Posters & Cheat Sheets
    • Policy Templates
    • Summit Presentations
    • SANS Community Benefits

      Connect, learn, and share with other cybersecurity professionals

    • CISO Network

      Engage, challenge, and network with fellow CISOs in this exclusive community of security leaders

  • For Organizations
    Go one level top Back

    For Organizations

    Team Development

    • Why Partner with SANS
    • Group Purchasing
    • Skills & Talent Assessments
    • Private & Custom Training

    Leadership Development

    • Leadership Courses & Accreditation
    • Executive Cybersecurity Exercises
    • CISO Network

    Security Awareness

    • End-User Training
    • Phishing Simulation
    • Specialized Role-Based Training
    • Risk Assessments
    • Public Sector Partnerships

      Explore industry-specific programming and customized training solutions

    • Sponsorship Opportunities

      Sponsor a SANS event or research paper

    Interested in developing a training plan to fit your organization’s needs?

    We're here to help.
    Contact us
  • Talk with an expert
  • Log In
  • Join - it's free
  • Account
    • Account Dashboard
    • Log Out
  1. Home >
  2. Blog >
  3. Know Thyself Better Than The Adversary - ICS Asset Identification and Tracking
DeanParsons_340x340.png
Dean Parsons

Know Thyself Better Than The Adversary - ICS Asset Identification and Tracking

February 22, 2018

As SANS prepares for the 2018 ICS Summit in Orlando, Dean Parsons is preparing a SANS ICS Webcast to precede the event, a Summit talk, and a SANS@Night presentation. In this blog, Dean tackles some common questions about how new or existing industrial control system (ICS) facilities can mature their defense and approach asset identification.

What's an effective defense strategy against the increased volume and sophistication of ICS threats?

Globally, we've passed the point where cyber attackers only target and disrupt information technology networks and business applications. Adversaries have stepped up their attack skills targeting ICS in recent years. However, defense is do-able! Facilities can mature their cybersecurity posture to ensure early detection and protection against these growing threats.

With foundational security already in place, the Active Cyber Defense Cycle (ACDC) empowers ICS defenders to actively hunt for advanced threats in their network, a process which drives informed incident response and quick protective actions.

What is the Active Cyber Defense Cycle?

The different phases of the Active Cyber Defense Cycle support one another to enable proactive security. The four ACDC phases are (1) Asset Identification & Network Security Monitoring, (2) Incident Response, (3) Threat & Environment Manipulation, and (4) Threat Intelligence Consumption. This repeatable process, which requires dedicated assets, involves using and sharing threat intelligence, knowing network layouts and assets, actively hunting for threats, rapidly scoping events of interest, and kicking off containment or protection actions to neutralize threats.

Note that Information Technology and Operations Technology incident response have distinct differences that should be considered throughout the ACDC. These differences involve areas such as the well-being of staff and the protection of physical assets. ICS cybersecurity staff need both a security mindset and a clear understanding of physical processes. They must have solid respect for the safety and reliability of operations while also actively monitoring the network to interpret what is normal and what is not in their ICS. The ACDC has been proven effective in detecting and disarming both Information Technology and ICS-specific threats inside an ICS environment.

AAEAAQAAAAAAAAgvAAAAJDNhZjE2Y2EwLTFmYTUtNDA2MC1iMmY0LTUxZTVkZGU2MmVlMA.jpg

When is the right time to adopt the ACDC for active defense for our ICS?

Building on a strong security foundation is key. The phrase "you have to walk before you can run" comes to mind. The Sliding Scale of Cybersecurity is a progressive path upon which ICS facilities can build as they mature their security posture. The first two steps on the scale are Architecture and Passive Defenses. These refer to fundamental security practices such as proper network segmentation, system hardening, patching, and passive defenses including anti-malware, firewalls, and basic intrusion detection technologies. These practices do not require human interaction to function, and they do an adequate job of neutralizing most cyber-criminal and nuisance threats. However, while continuing to defend against these low-impact threats is important, today's threats involve defending against more sophisticated and skilled cyber adversaries. Modern adversary campaigns are designed to penetrate beyond basic defenses and have the potential to exfiltrate sensitive information from an ICS or disrupt physical ICS processes.

An increasing number of facilities, including critical infrastructure (i.e., power grids, transportation systems, oil and gas pipelines, wastewater management systems, etc.), have a good handle on the Sliding Scale of Cybersecurity. Once a facility is mature in Architecture and Passive Defenses the next step on the scale is to have a trained and dedicated team in place to implement and benefit from the Active Cyber Defense Cycle. The team needs deep knowledge of cybersecurity at a tactical level as well as an understanding of physical processes from end-to-end.

AAEAAQAAAAAAAAgpAAAAJDAzMTc4ZTkzLTBhY2MtNDJlNi05NjBlLTBiZGQ2MzBiYzRhZQ.jpg

Where in the Active Cyber Defense Cycle should we start our defense efforts?

Asset Identification is a great place to start when adopting the ACDC model simply because it's difficult to defend what you don't know you have. If you've seen the movie "The Matrix" you'll remember when Neo visits the Oracle. She shows him a sign in her kitchen that reads "Temet Nosce," which means "Know Thyself." Asset Identification is all about knowing yourself better than the adversary knows you. It's a prerequisite for good network security monitoring and is essential for the other phases of ACDC.

While it seems obvious that maintaining an inventory of assets is critical, it's surprising how many facilities do not regularly keep such an inventory up to date. Not maintaining an asset inventory will come back to bite you in real incident response situations when quick triage and prompt action are needed to support safe and reliable operations. For example, when consuming threat intelligence, it is critical to know the vendor, model number, firmware versions, and patch levels plays in order to understand your internal risk surface, which is what drives your defense efforts to implement compensatory controls, network changes, and/or additional monitoring in weak areas. With an updated asset inventory and an ACDC in place, you are already a step ahead of the adversary.

What are some approaches to Asset Identification and tracking in performing active defense?

There are four effective Asset Identification methodologies: Physical Inspection, Passive Scanning, Active Scanning, and Configuration Analysis. I've seen solid success with physical inspection, which involves physically walking (and, if you have to, crawling) through your facilities to record asset information and update network diagrams and as-built documentation. These on-site visits provide face-to-face time for security awareness discussions and other opportunities that are not practical by other means such as remote access or email or phone. This approach lends itself well to building the effective relationships between Information Technology and Operations Technology teams that are necessary for smooth ICS incident response. These engagements provide talking points on how new Operations Technology asset installations or upgrades may have been completed in a manner different than what had been planned on paper, which could have introduced security gaps.

In ICS facilities, safety is always a concern. So when going on-site, personal protective equipment such as hard hats, safety glasses, visible safety vests, steal-toe boots, and ear protection will be required in designated zones. So coordinate your planning with the safety department and leaders on-site, grab your personal protective equipment and a spreadsheet app, and undertake what will be a very informative and beneficial exercise. Embrace the safety culture and model a "cyber" safety culture to match and support physical safety.

Once you're back at the office you'll want to handle the inventory information carefully. It is good practice to enter information into a database that's scalable and secured in an isolated area with appropriate strong authentication and change control. Making the database easily searchable will streamline analysis when consuming the next round of threat intelligence to evaluate your internal risk surface. Once the inventory is recorded it should be maintained. To get ahead of changes and to be ready for new assets that come in, be sure to have security requirements in scope for projects on asset and software selection, and change management.

As long as there are ICS adversaries, the job of defending ICS never ends, and neither does the Active Cyber Defense Cycle. Starting with asset identification to know yourself better than your adversary is critical to active defense. The ACDC and other key ICS strategic defense topics, including numerous case studies and hands-on labs, are covered in depth in SANS ICS515: ICS Active Defense and Incident Response.


Dean's upcoming talks:

  • Canadian Webcast Series, Part 3: "ICS Defense: It's Not a 'Copy-Paste' from an IT Playbook."
  • ICS Summit Talk: "Adventures in ICS Asset Identification: Physical Inspection Style." Tuesday, March 20, 2:30-3:15 pm - ICS Summit Orlando, FL.
  • ICS SANS@Night: "Learning from the Adversary: The Value of Malware Analysis for ICS." Thursday, March 22, 6:00-7:00pm - ICS Summit Orlando, FL.
  • See Upcoming SANS ICS Summit and SANS ICS515 Training Opportunities
  • Earn the GRID certification to actively defend and respond to ICS cyber attacks.
  • Join the SANS Community ICS Forum and be part of the conversation where 4,000+ ICS professionals share, discuss, and ask questions about ICS-related issues.

To view all our upcoming courses and events, click here. Available live or OnDemand.

Free Stuff Reminder

  • Download the "What Will Your Attack Look Like" poster here
  • Get the latest ICS resources here
  • Join the conversation in the ICS Community Forum where ICS professionals share lessons learned, ask questions and connect with others passionate about securing our critical infrastructure.
Share:
TwitterLinkedInFacebook
Copy url Url was copied to clipboard
Subscribe to SANS Newsletters
Receive curated news, vulnerabilities, & security awareness tips
United States
Canada
United Kingdom
Spain
Belgium
Denmark
Norway
Netherlands
Australia
India
Japan
Singapore
Afghanistan
Aland Islands
Albania
Algeria
American Samoa
Andorra
Angola
Anguilla
Antarctica
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Aruba
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belize
Benin
Bermuda
Bhutan
Bolivia
Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba
Bosnia And Herzegovina
Botswana
Bouvet Island
Brazil
British Indian Ocean Territory
Brunei Darussalam
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Cayman Islands
Central African Republic
Chad
Chile
China
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Colombia
Comoros
Cook Islands
Costa Rica
Cote D'ivoire
Croatia (Local Name: Hrvatska)
Curacao
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic
East Timor
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Estonia
Eswatini
Ethiopia
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)
Faroe Islands
Fiji
Finland
France
French Guiana
French Polynesia
French Southern Territories
Gabon
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Gibraltar
Greece
Greenland
Grenada
Guadeloupe
Guam
Guatemala
Guernsey
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
Heard And McDonald Islands
Honduras
Hong Kong
Hungary
Iceland
Indonesia
Iraq
Ireland
Isle of Man
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Jersey
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
Korea, Republic Of
Kosovo
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Lao People's Democratic Republic
Latvia
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macau
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Marshall Islands
Martinique
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mayotte
Mexico
Micronesia, Federated States Of
Moldova, Republic Of
Monaco
Mongolia
Montenegro
Montserrat
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Nauru
Nepal
Netherlands Antilles
New Caledonia
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Niue
Norfolk Island
North Macedonia
Northern Mariana Islands
Oman
Pakistan
Palau
Palestine
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Pitcairn
Poland
Portugal
Puerto Rico
Qatar
Reunion
Romania
Russian Federation
Rwanda
Saint Bartholemy
Saint Kitts And Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Martin
Saint Vincent And The Grenadines
Samoa
San Marino
Sao Tome And Principe
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Sint Maarten
Slovakia
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
South Africa
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
South Sudan
Sri Lanka
St. Helena
St. Pierre And Miquelon
Suriname
Svalbard And Jan Mayen Islands
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Tanzania, United Republic Of
Thailand
Togo
Tokelau
Tonga
Trinidad And Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Turks And Caicos Islands
Tuvalu
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United States Minor Outlying Islands
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Vatican City State
Venezuela
Vietnam
Virgin Islands (British)
Virgin Islands (U.S.)
Wallis And Futuna Islands
Western Sahara
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe

By providing this information, you agree to the processing of your personal data by SANS as described in our Privacy Policy.

This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.

Tags:
  • Industrial Control Systems Security

Related Content

Blog
ICS_Blog_Building a Better OT Ransomware Response Plan_340 x 340(1).jpg
Industrial Control Systems Security
April 17, 2025
Building a Better OT Ransomware Response Plan: A Simple Framework for ICS Environments
Ransomware isn’t going away in 2025, in fact, it’s getting more efficient, targeted, and disruptive, especially for OT environments.
ICS_Icon_Blue.png
SANS ICS Security
read more
Blog
ICS - Blog - Blog - Cyber Defense Foundations for Pharma & Healthcare_340 x 340.jpg
Industrial Control Systems Security
March 20, 2025
Cyber Defense Foundations for Pharma & Healthcare: Securing ICS/OT in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing & IoT in Healthcare (Part 1)
The pharmaceutical and healthcare industries are undergoing rapid digital transformation.
DeanParsons_340x340.png
Dean Parsons
read more
Blog
Security Awareness, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Digital Forensics, Incident Response & Threat Hunting, Cloud Security, Cyber Defense, Offensive Operations, Pen Testing, and Red Teaming, Industrial Control Systems Security, Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT)
December 10, 2024
Top SANS Summit Talks of 2024
This year, SANS hosted 13 Summits from OSINT, ICS, Ransomware, DFIR to HackFest. Here were the top-rated talks of the year.
No Headshot Available
Alison Kim
read more
  • Company
  • Mission
  • Instructors
  • About
  • FAQ
  • Press
  • Contact Us
  • Careers
  • Policies
  • Training Programs
  • Work Study
  • Academies & Scholarships
  • Public Sector Partnerships
  • Law Enforcement
  • SkillsFuture Singapore
  • Degree Programs
  • Get Involved
  • Join the Community
  • Become an Instructor
  • Become a Sponsor
  • Speak at a Summit
  • Join the CISO Network
  • Award Programs
  • Partner Portal
Subscribe to SANS Newsletters
Receive curated news, vulnerabilities, & security awareness tips
United States
Canada
United Kingdom
Spain
Belgium
Denmark
Norway
Netherlands
Australia
India
Japan
Singapore
Afghanistan
Aland Islands
Albania
Algeria
American Samoa
Andorra
Angola
Anguilla
Antarctica
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Aruba
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belize
Benin
Bermuda
Bhutan
Bolivia
Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba
Bosnia And Herzegovina
Botswana
Bouvet Island
Brazil
British Indian Ocean Territory
Brunei Darussalam
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Cayman Islands
Central African Republic
Chad
Chile
China
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Colombia
Comoros
Cook Islands
Costa Rica
Cote D'ivoire
Croatia (Local Name: Hrvatska)
Curacao
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic
East Timor
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Estonia
Eswatini
Ethiopia
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)
Faroe Islands
Fiji
Finland
France
French Guiana
French Polynesia
French Southern Territories
Gabon
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Gibraltar
Greece
Greenland
Grenada
Guadeloupe
Guam
Guatemala
Guernsey
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
Heard And McDonald Islands
Honduras
Hong Kong
Hungary
Iceland
Indonesia
Iraq
Ireland
Isle of Man
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Jersey
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
Korea, Republic Of
Kosovo
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Lao People's Democratic Republic
Latvia
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macau
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Marshall Islands
Martinique
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mayotte
Mexico
Micronesia, Federated States Of
Moldova, Republic Of
Monaco
Mongolia
Montenegro
Montserrat
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Nauru
Nepal
Netherlands Antilles
New Caledonia
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Niue
Norfolk Island
North Macedonia
Northern Mariana Islands
Oman
Pakistan
Palau
Palestine
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Pitcairn
Poland
Portugal
Puerto Rico
Qatar
Reunion
Romania
Russian Federation
Rwanda
Saint Bartholemy
Saint Kitts And Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Martin
Saint Vincent And The Grenadines
Samoa
San Marino
Sao Tome And Principe
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Sint Maarten
Slovakia
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
South Africa
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
South Sudan
Sri Lanka
St. Helena
St. Pierre And Miquelon
Suriname
Svalbard And Jan Mayen Islands
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Tanzania, United Republic Of
Thailand
Togo
Tokelau
Tonga
Trinidad And Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Turks And Caicos Islands
Tuvalu
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United States Minor Outlying Islands
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Vatican City State
Venezuela
Vietnam
Virgin Islands (British)
Virgin Islands (U.S.)
Wallis And Futuna Islands
Western Sahara
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe

By providing this information, you agree to the processing of your personal data by SANS as described in our Privacy Policy.

This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
  • Privacy Policy
  • Terms and Conditions
  • Do Not Sell/Share My Personal Information
  • Contact
  • Careers
© 2025 The Escal Institute of Advanced Technologies, Inc. d/b/a SANS Institute. Our Terms and Conditions detail our trademark and copyright rights. Any unauthorized use is expressly prohibited.
  • Twitter
  • Facebook
  • Youtube
  • LinkedIn