homepage
Open menu
Go one level top
  • Train and Certify
    Train and Certify

    Immediately apply the skills and techniques learned in SANS courses, ranges, and summits

    • Overview
    • Courses
      • Overview
      • Full Course List
      • By Focus Areas
        • Cloud Security
        • Cyber Defense
        • Cybersecurity and IT Essentials
        • DFIR
        • Industrial Control Systems
        • Offensive Operations
        • Management, Legal, and Audit
      • By Skill Levels
        • New to Cyber
        • Essentials
        • Advanced
        • Expert
      • Training Formats
        • OnDemand
        • In-Person
        • Live Online
      • Course Demos
    • Training Roadmaps
      • Skills Roadmap
      • Focus Area Job Roles
        • Cyber Defence Job Roles
        • Offensive Operations Job Roles
        • DFIR Job Roles
        • Cloud Job Roles
        • ICS Job Roles
        • Leadership Job Roles
      • NICE Framework
        • Security Provisionals
        • Operate and Maintain
        • Oversee and Govern
        • Protect and Defend
        • Analyze
        • Collect and Operate
        • Investigate
        • Industrial Control Systems
    • GIAC Certifications
    • Training Events & Summits
      • Events Overview
      • Event Locations
        • Asia
        • Australia & New Zealand
        • Latin America
        • Mainland Europe
        • Middle East & Africa
        • Scandinavia
        • United Kingdom & Ireland
        • United States & Canada
      • Summits
    • OnDemand
    • Get Started in Cyber
      • Overview
      • Degree and Certificate Programs
      • Scholarships
    • Cyber Ranges
  • Manage Your Team
    Manage Your Team

    Build a world-class cyber team with our workforce development programs

    • Overview
    • Why Work with SANS
    • Group Purchasing
    • Build Your Team
      • Team Development
      • Assessments
      • Private Training
      • Hire Cyber Professionals
      • By Industry
        • Health Care
        • Industrial Control Systems Security
        • Military
    • Leadership Training
  • Security Awareness
    Security Awareness

    Increase your staff’s cyber awareness, help them change their behaviors, and reduce your organizational risk

    • Overview
    • Products & Services
      • Security Awareness Training
        • EndUser Training
        • Phishing Platform
      • Specialized
        • Developer Training
        • ICS Engineer Training
        • NERC CIP Training
        • IT Administrator
      • Risk Assessments
        • Knowledge Assessment
        • Culture Assessment
        • Behavioral Risk Assessment
    • OUCH! Newsletter
    • Career Development
      • Overview
      • Training & Courses
      • Professional Credential
    • Blog
    • Partners
    • Reports & Case Studies
  • Resources
    Resources

    Enhance your skills with access to thousands of free resources, 150+ instructor-developed tools, and the latest cybersecurity news and analysis

    • Overview
    • Webcasts
    • Free Cybersecurity Events
      • Free Events Overview
      • Summits
      • Solutions Forums
      • Community Nights
    • Content
      • Newsletters
        • NewsBites
        • @RISK
        • OUCH! Newsletter
      • Blog
      • Podcasts
      • Summit Presentations
      • Posters & Cheat Sheets
    • Research
      • White Papers
      • Security Policies
    • Tools
    • Focus Areas
      • Cyber Defense
      • Cloud Security
      • Digital Forensics & Incident Response
      • Industrial Control Systems
      • Cyber Security Leadership
      • Offensive Operations
  • Get Involved
    Get Involved

    Help keep the cyber community one step ahead of threats. Join the SANS community or begin your journey of becoming a SANS Certified Instructor today.

    • Overview
    • Join the Community
    • Work Study
    • Teach for SANS
    • CISO Network
    • Partnerships
    • Sponsorship Opportunities
  • About
    About

    Learn more about how SANS empowers and educates current and future cybersecurity practitioners with knowledge and skills

    • SANS
      • Overview
      • Our Founder
      • Awards
    • Instructors
      • Our Instructors
      • Full Instructor List
    • Mission
      • Our Mission
      • Diversity
      • Scholarships
    • Contact
      • Contact Customer Service
      • Contact Sales
      • Press & Media Enquiries
    • Frequent Asked Questions
    • Customer Reviews
    • Press
    • Careers
  • Contact Sales
  • SANS Sites
    • GIAC Security Certifications
    • Internet Storm Center
    • SANS Technology Institute
    • Security Awareness Training
  • Search
  • Log In
  • Join
    • Account Dashboard
    • Log Out
  1. Home >
  2. Blog >
  3. Month of PowerShell: Threat Hunting with PowerShell Differential Analysis
370x370_Joshua-Wright.jpg
Joshua Wright

Month of PowerShell: Threat Hunting with PowerShell Differential Analysis

This is the most powerful technique I can share for threat hunting on Windows: differential analysis.

July 11, 2022

#monthofpowershell

PowerShell is an amazing tool for interrogating the configuration of Windows systems. This can be valuable for threat hunting: the process of searching through systems to identify attackers that have bypassed defenses. We can look for the common attacker persistence mechanisms deployed as Windows services, scheduled tasks, listening port numbers, new users added, and more.

If you are running PowerShell on a corporate system, some of the commands shown in this article could trigger alerts for attacker activity. Consider running the commands in this article on a non-corporate system, or you can use a free Windows 11 development virtual machine trial from Microsoft.

Let's try this out. Open a PowerShell session, and run Get-ScheduledTask:

PS C:\Users\Sec504> Get-ScheduledTask

TaskPath                                       TaskName                          State
--------                                       --------                          -----
\Agent Activation Runtime\                     S-1-5-21-2977773840-2930198165... Disabled
\Microsoft\Windows\.NET Framework\             .NET Framework NGEN v4.0.30319    Ready
\Microsoft\Windows\.NET Framework\             .NET Framework NGEN v4.0.30319 64 Ready
\Microsoft\Windows\.NET Framework\             .NET Framework NGEN v4.0.30319... Disabled
\Microsoft\Windows\.NET Framework\             .NET Framework NGEN v4.0.30319... Disabled
...lots of scheduled tasks later
\Microsoft\Windows\WwanSvc\                    OobeDiscovery                     Ready
\Microsoft\XblGameSave\                        XblGameSaveTask                   Ready
\Microsoft\XblGameSave\                        XblGameSaveTaskLogon              Ready
PS C:\Users\Sec504>

Here's the problem: it can be hard to differentiate the normal from the malicious with any of these commands. Further, we know attackers will use naming conventions that blend into the system, making it difficult to spot something as out-of-place.

Differential analysis is the process of using baseline information about the configuration of a system, and comparing it to the current configuration. By using a known good baseline of a system, we can quickly spot any deviations to investigate as potentially suspicious.

To perform this type of analysis, we need the baseline, or the known-good configuration details. If you don't have this data in advance, sometimes it's possible to retroactively collect it using a gold image, the use it for comparison on the system being evaluated. Let's collect some baseline information to start. Open a PowerShell session on Windows, and run the following commands (cut and paste from the list below, or you can see the commands in context):

Set-Location $env:temp
Get-Service | Select-Object -Property Name >baseline-services.txt
Get-Scheduledtask | Select-Object TaskName > baseline-scheduledtasks.txt
Get-NetTCPConnection -State Listen | Select-Object -Property LocalPort > baseline-tcplisteners.txt

Here are the commands in context with the shell prompt:

PS C:\Users\Sec504> Set-Location $env:temp
PS C:\Users\Sec504\AppData\Local\Temp> Get-Service | Select-Object -Property Name >baseline-services.txt
PS C:\Users\Sec504\AppData\Local\Temp> Get-Scheduledtask | Select-Object TaskName > baseline-scheduledtasks.txt
PS C:\Users\Sec504\AppData\Local\Temp> Get-NetTCPConnection -State Listen | Select-Object -Property LocalPort > baseline-tcplisteners.txt
PS C:\Users\Sec504\AppData\Local\Temp> Get-ChildItem -Name *.txt
baseline-scheduledtasks.txt
baseline-services.txt
baseline-tcplisteners.txt

Here we collected baseline information for services, scheduled tasks, and TCP listeners. You could also collect baseline information for critical registry keys or files in a directory, for local users and groups, for group membership, and more!

Next, we'll create the "malicious" activity on the system for comparison. This is intended to simulate what an attacker could do after compromising a system.

NOTE: None of the actions here are malicious, and I'll show you how to remove them at the end of this article.

First, open a new PowerShell session as an administrator: right-click on Windows PowerShell, then select Run as administrator. This is needed to add a service as part of our malicious simulation.

Next, add a new service. We'll use the fictitious name Microsoft Dynamics to represent a quasi-normal service name that may escape casual inspection:

PS C:\WINDOWS\system32> New-Service -Name 'Windows Dynamics' -BinaryPathName 'C:\WINDOWS\System32\svchost.exe -k netsvcs'

Status   Name               DisplayName
------   ----               -----------
Stopped  Windows Dynamics   Windows Dynamics

Next, add a new scheduled task:

$action = New-ScheduledTaskAction -Execute "$env:windir\system32\calc.exe"
$trigger = New-ScheduledTaskTrigger -Daily -At 1am
Register-ScheduledTask -TaskName 'Windows Dynamics Task' -Action $action -Trigger $trigger

Notice how 'Windows Dynamics Task' is in single quotes, but "$env:window\system32\calc.exe" is in double quotes? In PowerShell, variable expansion in a string only happens inside of double quotes. You could use double quotes for both examples, but I try to use single quotes where I can, and double quotes where I must.

Finally, start listening on TCP port 8888:

PS C:\WINDOWS\system32> $Listener = [System.Net.Sockets.TcpListener]8888
PS C:\WINDOWS\system32> $Listener.Start()
PS C:\WINDOWS\system32>

Leave this PowerShell session running and return to the earlier non-administrative PowerShell session. We'll use differential analysis to identify the presence of the malicious simulation activity. Run the following commands, sending the output to files with the current prefix:

Set-Location $env:temp
Get-Service | Select-Object -Property Name >current-services.txt
Get-Scheduledtask | Select-Object TaskName > current-scheduledtasks.txt
Get-NetTCPConnection -State Listen | Select-Object -Property LocalPort > current-tcplisteners.txt

Here are the commands in context with the shell prompt:

PS C:\Users\Sec504\AppData\Local\Temp> Set-Location $env:temp
PS C:\Users\Sec504\AppData\Local\Temp> Get-Service | Select-Object -Property Name >current-services.txt
PS C:\Users\Sec504\AppData\Local\Temp> Get-Scheduledtask | Select-Object TaskName > current-scheduledtasks.txt
PS C:\Users\Sec504\AppData\Local\Temp> Get-NetTCPConnection -State Listen | Select-Object -Property LocalPort > current-tcplisteners.txt
PS C:\Users\Sec504\AppData\Local\Temp> gci *.txt


    Directory: C:\Users\Sec504\AppData\Local\Temp


Mode                 LastWriteTime         Length Name
----                 -------------         ------ ----
-a----         6/23/2022  11:56 AM          16970 baseline-scheduledtasks.txt
-a----         6/23/2022  11:56 AM          22358 baseline-services.txt
-a----         6/23/2022  11:56 AM            520 baseline-tcplisteners.txt
-a----         6/24/2022  10:36 AM          17078 current-scheduledtasks.txt
-a----         6/24/2022  10:36 AM          22442 current-services.txt
-a----         6/24/2022  10:36 AM            542 current-tcplisteners.txt


PS C:\Users\Sec504\AppData\Local\Temp>

Now we have both our baseline and our current files available for the list of services, scheduled tasks, and TCP listeners. We can quickly spot the differences that represent changes to the system using Compare-Object. Let's start with the service information. Establish the variables $baseline and $current for the two services lists with Get-Content:

PS C:\Users\Sec504\AppData\Local\Temp> $current = Get-Content .\current-services.txt
PS C:\Users\Sec504\AppData\Local\Temp> $baseline = Get-Content .\baseline-services.txt
PS C:\Users\Sec504\AppData\Local\Temp>

Next, compare the two objects to spot the changes:

PS C:\Users\Sec504\AppData\Local\Temp> Compare-Object $baseline $current

InputObject                              SideIndicator
-----------                              -------------
Windows Dynamics                         =>


PS C:\Users\Sec504\AppData\Local\Temp>

Here we see a change between the baseline and the current files where the line Windows Dynamics is added to the current data (notice the SideIndicator column arrow is pointing to the right, representing the 2nd parameter in Compare-Object; in this case, added content to the $current data set).

Let's repeat these steps for the scheduled task information:

PS C:\Users\Sec504\AppData\Local\Temp> $current = Get-Content .\current-scheduledtasks.txt
PS C:\Users\Sec504\AppData\Local\Temp> $baseline = Get-Content .\baseline-scheduledtasks.txt
PS C:\Users\Sec504\AppData\Local\Temp> Compare-Object $baseline $current

InputObject                                          SideIndicator
-----------                                          -------------
Windows Dynamics Task                                =>


PS C:\Users\Sec504\AppData\Local\Temp>

We can quickly spot the added scheduled task as well. Finally, look at the differences in the baseline and current TCP listeners:

PS C:\Users\Sec504\AppData\Local\Temp> $current = Get-Content .\current-tcplisteners.txt
PS C:\Users\Sec504\AppData\Local\Temp> $baseline = Get-Content .\baseline-tcplisteners.txt
PS C:\Users\Sec504\AppData\Local\Temp> Compare-Object $baseline $current

InputObject SideIndicator
----------- -------------
     8888   =>


PS C:\Users\Sec504\AppData\Local\Temp>

When we have baseline information for comparison, differential analysis quickly identifies potential indicators of compromise. We can apply this analysis for any fairly consistent attribute on Windows, including:

  • Local users (Get-LocalUser)
  • Local groups (Get-LocalGroup)
  • Members of local groups (Get-LocalGroupMember)
  • Critical registry keys (Get-ChildItem, Get-ItemProperty)
  • WMI events (Get-WMIObject -Namespace root\Subscription -Class __EventFilter)
  • More!

Cleanup

Let's clean up the system to remove the simulated malicious activity. From the administrative PowerShell prompt, run the following commands:

PS C:\WINDOWS\system32> $Listener.Stop()
PS C:\WINDOWS\system32> Unregister-ScheduledTask -TaskName 'Windows Dynamics Task'

Confirm
Are you sure you want to perform this action?
Performing operation 'Delete' on Target '\Windows Dynamics Task'.
[Y] Yes  [A] Yes to All  [N] No  [L] No to All  [S] Suspend  [?] Help (default is "Y"): y
PS C:\WINDOWS\system32> (Get-WmiObject -Class Win32_Service -Filter "Name='Windows Dynamics'").delete()


__GENUS          : 2
__CLASS          : __PARAMETERS
__SUPERCLASS     :
__DYNASTY        : __PARAMETERS
__RELPATH        :
__PROPERTY_COUNT : 1
__DERIVATION     : {}
__SERVER         :
__NAMESPACE      :
__PATH           :
ReturnValue      : 0
PSComputerName   :



PS C:\WINDOWS\system32>

Confirm that you have successfully removed these elements from the system:

PS C:\WINDOWS\system32> Get-NetTCPConnection | Where-Object -Property LocalPort -EQ 8888
PS C:\WINDOWS\system32> Get-Service | Where-Object -Property DisplayName -EQ 'Windows Dynamics'
PS C:\WINDOWS\system32> Get-ScheduledTask | Where-Object -Property TaskName -EQ 'Windows Dynamics Task'
PS C:\WINDOWS\system32>

All these of these commands should return no output, confirming that you successfully removed the simulated malicious activity.

Summary

In this article we looked at the steps to apply differential analysis to identify threats in a Windows environment. Using baseline information we can quickly compare the known good elements of services, scheduled tasks, TCP listeners and more to the current configuration. PowerShell makes this straightforward, using Get-Service, Get-ScheduledTask, Get-NetTcpConnection and other commands, comparing the baseline to the current configuration with Compare-Object.

-Joshua Wright

Return to Getting Started With PowerShell


Joshua Wright is the author of SANS SEC504: Hacker Tools, Techniques, and Incident Handling, a faculty fellow for the SANS Institute, and a senior technical director at Counter Hack.

Share:
TwitterLinkedInFacebook
Copy url Url was copied to clipboard
Subscribe to SANS Newsletters
Receive curated news, vulnerabilities, & security awareness tips
United States
Canada
United Kingdom
Spain
Belgium
Denmark
Norway
Netherlands
Australia
India
Japan
Singapore
Afghanistan
Aland Islands
Albania
Algeria
American Samoa
Andorra
Angola
Anguilla
Antarctica
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Aruba
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belize
Benin
Bermuda
Bhutan
Bolivia
Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba
Bosnia And Herzegovina
Botswana
Bouvet Island
Brazil
British Indian Ocean Territory
Brunei Darussalam
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Cayman Islands
Central African Republic
Chad
Chile
China
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Colombia
Comoros
Cook Islands
Costa Rica
Croatia (Local Name: Hrvatska)
Curacao
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic
East Timor
East Timor
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Estonia
Ethiopia
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)
Faroe Islands
Fiji
Finland
France
French Guiana
French Polynesia
French Southern Territories
Gabon
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Gibraltar
Greece
Greenland
Grenada
Guadeloupe
Guam
Guatemala
Guernsey
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
Heard And McDonald Islands
Honduras
Hong Kong
Hungary
Iceland
Indonesia
Iraq
Ireland
Isle of Man
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Jersey
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
Korea, Republic Of
Kosovo
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Lao People's Democratic Republic
Latvia
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macau
Macedonia
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Marshall Islands
Martinique
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mayotte
Mexico
Micronesia, Federated States Of
Moldova, Republic Of
Monaco
Mongolia
Montenegro
Montserrat
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Nauru
Nepal
Netherlands Antilles
New Caledonia
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Niue
Norfolk Island
Northern Mariana Islands
Oman
Pakistan
Palau
Palestine
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Pitcairn
Poland
Portugal
Puerto Rico
Qatar
Reunion
Romania
Russian Federation
Rwanda
Saint Bartholemy
Saint Kitts And Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Martin
Saint Vincent And The Grenadines
Samoa
San Marino
Sao Tome And Principe
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Sint Maarten
Slovakia
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
South Africa
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
South Sudan
Sri Lanka
St. Helena
St. Pierre And Miquelon
Suriname
Svalbard And Jan Mayen Islands
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
Tokelau
Tonga
Trinidad And Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Turks And Caicos Islands
Tuvalu
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United States Minor Outlying Islands
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Vatican City
Venezuela
Vietnam
Virgin Islands (British)
Virgin Islands (U.S.)
Wallis And Futuna Islands
Western Sahara
Yemen
Yugoslavia
Zambia
Zimbabwe

By providing this information, you agree to the processing of your personal data by SANS as described in our Privacy Policy.

This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.

Recommended Training

  • AUD507: Auditing & Monitoring Networks, Perimeters & Systems
  • SEC565: Red Team Operations and Adversary Emulation
  • SEC560: Enterprise Penetration Testing

Tags:
  • Cyber Defense
  • Cybersecurity and IT Essentials
  • Digital Forensics and Incident Response
  • Penetration Testing and Red Teaming

Related Content

Blog
CTI_Blog_Image.png
Incident Response & Threat Hunting, Digital Forensics and Incident Response
January 23, 2023
A Visual Summary of SANS CTI Summit 2023
Check out these graphic recordings created in real-time throughout the event for SANS Cyber Threat Intelligence Summit 2023
370x370-person-placeholder.png
Alison Kim
read more
Blog
CD_Blog_HowtoautomateinAzure_Part1_2.jpg
Cyber Defense, Cloud Security
October 11, 2022
How to Automate in Azure Using PowerShell - Part 1
In this post, we’ll cover how to automate the assessment and reporting of your cloud security configuration opportunities.
370x370_josh-johnson.jpg
Josh Johnson
read more
Blog
powershell_option_340x340.jpg
Cybersecurity and IT Essentials, Cyber Defense, Penetration Testing and Red Teaming
August 4, 2022
Month of PowerShell - Discoveries from the Month of PowerShell
A final wrap-up from the Month of PowerShell: discoveries, recommendations, complaints, and successes.
370x370_Joshua-Wright.jpg
Joshua Wright
read more
  • Register to Learn
  • Courses
  • Certifications
  • Degree Programs
  • Cyber Ranges
  • Job Tools
  • Security Policy Project
  • Posters & Cheat Sheets
  • White Papers
  • Focus Areas
  • Cyber Defense
  • Cloud Security
  • Cybersecurity Leadership
  • Digital Forensics
  • Industrial Control Systems
  • Offensive Operations
Subscribe to SANS Newsletters
Receive curated news, vulnerabilities, & security awareness tips
United States
Canada
United Kingdom
Spain
Belgium
Denmark
Norway
Netherlands
Australia
India
Japan
Singapore
Afghanistan
Aland Islands
Albania
Algeria
American Samoa
Andorra
Angola
Anguilla
Antarctica
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Aruba
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belize
Benin
Bermuda
Bhutan
Bolivia
Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba
Bosnia And Herzegovina
Botswana
Bouvet Island
Brazil
British Indian Ocean Territory
Brunei Darussalam
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Cayman Islands
Central African Republic
Chad
Chile
China
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Colombia
Comoros
Cook Islands
Costa Rica
Croatia (Local Name: Hrvatska)
Curacao
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic
East Timor
East Timor
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Estonia
Ethiopia
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)
Faroe Islands
Fiji
Finland
France
French Guiana
French Polynesia
French Southern Territories
Gabon
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Gibraltar
Greece
Greenland
Grenada
Guadeloupe
Guam
Guatemala
Guernsey
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
Heard And McDonald Islands
Honduras
Hong Kong
Hungary
Iceland
Indonesia
Iraq
Ireland
Isle of Man
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Jersey
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
Korea, Republic Of
Kosovo
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Lao People's Democratic Republic
Latvia
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macau
Macedonia
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Marshall Islands
Martinique
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mayotte
Mexico
Micronesia, Federated States Of
Moldova, Republic Of
Monaco
Mongolia
Montenegro
Montserrat
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Nauru
Nepal
Netherlands Antilles
New Caledonia
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Niue
Norfolk Island
Northern Mariana Islands
Oman
Pakistan
Palau
Palestine
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Pitcairn
Poland
Portugal
Puerto Rico
Qatar
Reunion
Romania
Russian Federation
Rwanda
Saint Bartholemy
Saint Kitts And Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Martin
Saint Vincent And The Grenadines
Samoa
San Marino
Sao Tome And Principe
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Sint Maarten
Slovakia
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
South Africa
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
South Sudan
Sri Lanka
St. Helena
St. Pierre And Miquelon
Suriname
Svalbard And Jan Mayen Islands
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
Tokelau
Tonga
Trinidad And Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Turks And Caicos Islands
Tuvalu
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United States Minor Outlying Islands
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Vatican City
Venezuela
Vietnam
Virgin Islands (British)
Virgin Islands (U.S.)
Wallis And Futuna Islands
Western Sahara
Yemen
Yugoslavia
Zambia
Zimbabwe

By providing this information, you agree to the processing of your personal data by SANS as described in our Privacy Policy.

This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
  • © 2023 SANS™ Institute
  • Privacy Policy
  • Contact
  • Careers
  • Twitter
  • Facebook
  • Youtube
  • LinkedIn